Indian architecture is that vast tapestry of production
of the Indian Subcontinent that encompasses a multitude
of expressions over space and time, transformed by
the forces of history considered unique to the sub-continent,
sometimes destroying, but most of the time absorbing
new ideas. The result is an evolving range of architectural
production that none the less retains a certain amount
of continuity across history. The earliest production
in the Indus Valley Civilization was characterised
by well planned cities and houses where religion did
not seem to play an active role, but which demonstrated
world-famous city planning.
During the reign of the Gupta and Maurya empires,
several Buddhist architectural examples like caves
of Ajanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa
were built. South India contains several Hindu temples
like Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur, the Sun Temple,
Konark, Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, and
the Buddha stupa (Chinna Lanja dibba and Vikramarka
kota dibba) at Bhattiprolu. Angkor Wat and other Buddhist
and Hindu temples carry the evidence of Indian influence
on South East Asian architecture, as they are built
in styles almost identical to traditional Indian temple
building.
With the advent of Islamic influence from the west,
the erstwhile Indian architecture was slightly adapted
to allow the traditions of the new religion. Fatehpur
Sikri, Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, Qutub Minar, Red Fort
of Delhi are the creations of this era, and are often
used as the stereotypical symbols of India, despite
the greater antiquity and originality of traditional
architecture. The colonial rule of the British Indian
Empire saw the development of Indo-Saracenic style,
and mixing of several other styles, such as European
gothic. Victoria Memorial, Victoria Terminus are notable
examples. Recent creations such as Lotus Temple, and
the various modern urban developments of India, are
also notable.
The traditional system of Vaastu Shastra serves as
India's version of Feng Shui, influencing town planning,
architecture, and ergonomics. It is unclear which
system is older, but they contain many similarities.
Though Vastu is conceptually similar to Feng Shui
in that it also tries to harmonize the flow of energy,
(also called life-force or Prana in Sanskrit and Chi/Ki
in Chinese/Japanese), through the house, it differs
in the details, such as the exact directions in which
various objects, rooms, materials etc are to be placed.
Indian architecture has influence the
world, especially eastern Asia, due to the spread
of ideas with Buddhism. A number of Indian architectural
features such as the temple mound or stupa, temple
spire or sikhara, temple tower or pagoda and temple
gate or torana, have become famous symbols of Asian
culture, used extensively in East Asia and South East
Asia. The central spire is also sometimes called a
vimanam. The variant southern temple gate, or gopuram
is noted for its intricacy and majesty. The arch,
a cornerstone of world architecture, was first developed
by the Indus Valley civilization and would later be
a staple of Indian architecture.
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